关于Microsolar300氙灯光源

 

硝酸钾的制备方法

 　硝酸钾是一种无色透明棱柱状或白色颗粒或结晶性粉末。味辛辣而咸有凉感。微潮解，潮解性比硝酸钠微小。主要用于分析试剂和氧化剂，也用于钾盐的合成和配制炸药，在食品工业用作发色剂、护色剂、抗微生物剂、防腐剂等，如用于腌肉，在午餐肉中起防腐作用。

　　其制备方法主要有合成法、溶剂萃取法、复分解法、离子交换法和硝土制取法等。其中合成法主要利用氢氧化钾或碳酸钾中和硝酸，经蒸发结晶制得硝酸钾；或用氢氧化钾或碳酸钾溶液吸收硝酸生产中的尾气并加工制得硝酸钾。溶剂萃取法：在5～10°C，氯化钾溶于浓度60%～70%硝酸中，用有机溶剂萃取，分离得硝酸钾和盐酸。复分解法主要是先把硝酸钠溶于热水中，在搅拌下按硝酸钠：氯化钾=100:85的配料比逐渐加入氯化钾，经蒸发浓缩，当温度为119℃时，氯化钠结晶析出，将溶液和晶体进行热过滤，得到大量氯化钠晶体，再将分离氯化钠后的母液缓慢冷却，硝酸钾即结晶析出。经抽滤、洗涤和干燥即得粗产品(纯度≥85%)，再经重结晶可得纯品和高纯品，此法为工业硝酸钾主要的生产方式。

http://cdm.qinghai.gov.cn/system/2017/02/13/010251454.shtml

化学实验液体和固体分离有哪些

 常用的分离液体和固体的方法有过滤法和离心分离法两种。过滤法需要滤器或滤纸，可在常压(普通过滤)或减压(如布氏漏斗抽气过滤)下进行。离心分离法不需用滤器或滤纸,而用离心机。

过滤法

     普通过滤中最常用的滤器是贴有滤纸的漏斗。先将滤纸对折两次(若滤纸不是圆形的,此时应剪成扇形),拨开一层即成圆锥形,内角适成60°(标准的漏斗内角为60°,若漏斗角度不标准,应适当改变滤纸折叠的角度,使能配合所用漏),一面是三层,一面是一层,在三层的那一面去一个小角(图23)再把这圆锥形滤纸平整地放入干净的漏斗中(漏斗宜干,若需先用水洗涤于净,可在洗涤后再用滤纸碎片擦),使滤纸与漏斗壁靠紧。用左手食指按住滤纸(图24),右手持洗瓶挤水使滤纸湿润,然后用清洁的手指(或玻棒)轻压,使之紧贴在漏斗壁上,此时滤纸与漏斗应当密合,其间不应留有空气泡。一般滤纸边应低于漏斗边3~5毫米。

     将漏斗放在漏斗架上,下面承以接受滤液的容器,使漏斗颈下端与容器壁接触将要过滤的溶液沿着玻璃棒慢慢倾入漏斗中(图25)(过滤前不要搅拌溶液,过滤时,先将上面清液小心倾入漏斗中,这样不使沉淀物堵塞滤孔,可节省过滤时间)。何入溶液时,应注意使液面低于滤纸边缘约1厘米,切勿超过滤纸边缘。过滤完毕后,从洗瓶中挤出少量水淋洗盛放沉淀的容器(图26)及玻璃棒(玻璃棒在未洗涤前不能随便放在桌子上)。洗涤水也必须全部滤入接,受容器中。

     如果需过滤的混和物中含有能与滤纸作用会布氏的物质(如浓硫酸),则可用石棉或玻璃丝在漏斗中铺成薄层作为滤器。为了加速大量溶液与沉淀的混和物分离,常应用布氏漏斗抽气过滤的方法。一般可用水为空压抽气法抽气,全套仪器的装置如图27所示。它是由吸滤瓶、布氏漏斗(中间是具有许多小孔的瓷板)、安全瓶和玻璃抽气管组成的。玻璃抽气管一般装在实验室中的自来水龙头上。

     这种抽气过滤的原理是利用玻璃抽气管借水压真空抽气把吸滤瓶中的空气抽出,造成部分真空,而使过滤的速度大大加快。安全瓶的作用是防止抽气管中的水倒回流入吸滤瓶。

在进行过滤前,先将滤纸剪成直径略小于布氏漏斗内径的圆形,平铺在布氏漏斗的瓷板上。再从洗瓶挤出少许去离子水湿润滤纸,并慢慢打开自来水龙头,稍微抽吸,使滤纸紧贴在漏斗的瓷板上,然后进行抽气过滤。

    过滤完毕,先将吸滤瓶和安全瓶拆开,再关龙头(切勿先关水龙头,致使水倒回流入安全瓶甚至吸滤瓶中)。然后将漏斗从瓶上拿下,用玻璃棒或药匙将沉淀移入盛器内。

离心分离法

    少量溶液与沉淀的混和物可用离心机进行离心分离以代替过滤,操作简单而迅速。常用的离心机有手摇的(图28)和电动的(图29)两种（九料化工https://www.999gou.cn/）。

   将盛有溶液和沉淀的混和物的离心管放入离心机的试管套管内，如果离心机是手摇的，插上摇柄，然后按顺时针方向摇转。起动时要慢，逐渐加快。止离心操作时，必须先取下摇柄，任试管套管自然停止转动，不可用手去按住离心机的轴，否则不仅易损坏离心机，且因骤然停止会使已沉淀物又腾起来。

为了防止由于两支套管中重量不均衡所引起的振动而造成轴的磨损，不允许只在一支套管中放试管;必须在对位各放入重量相均衡的1支试管后，才进行离心操作。如果只有1支试管中的沉淀需要进行分离，则可另取1支空试管盛以相应重量的水，放入对位的套管中以维持均衡。

   离心操作完毕后，从套管中取出离心试管。再取一小滴管，先捏紧其橡皮头，然后插入试管中，插入的深度以尖端不接触沉淀为限(图30）然后慢慢放松捏紧的橡皮头，吸出溶液，移去，这样反复数次，尽可能把溶液移去，留下沉淀。

 https://www.999gou.cn/article.php?id=4535

溶液中PH值计算问题

 设溶液中硫酸铜的浓度为3摩尔每升，则氢氧化铜开始沉淀时溶液的PH值是？氢氧化铁完全沉淀时溶液的PH值是？(溶液中某种离子的浓度达到10^-5沉淀完全,氢氧化铜溶度积为3×10的(-20次方），氢氧化铁的溶度积为8×10的（-38）次方。）5的对数按0.7来计算。

 假设为常温条件，则
氢氧化铜开始沉淀（条件写错了吧：设溶液中氢氧化铜的浓度为3摩尔每升，应该是某可溶的铜盐溶液……吧）
Ksp[Cu(OH)2]=Cu2+ × (OH-)^2=3×10^-20
(OH-)^2=Ksp[Cu(OH)2]/Cu2+=3×10^-20/3=1×10^-20
于是(OH-)=1×10^-10mol/L
此时(H+)=1×10^-4mol/L
pH=-lg(H+)=4
氢氧化铁完全沉淀
Ksp[Fe(OH)3]=Fe3+ × (OH-)^3=8×10^-38
(OH-)^3=Ksp[Fe(OH)3]/Fe3+=8×10^38/(10^-5)=8×10^-33
于是(OH-)=2×10^-11 mol/L
于是此时H+=5×10^-4
pH=-lg(H+)=3.3

[Cu2+][OH-]2= 3×10的(-20次方） [Cu2+]=3摩尔每升 求出[OH-]=10的 -10次方 pH=10时氢氧化铜开始沉淀 同理 [Fe3+][OH-]3= 8×10的（-38）次方 [Fe3+]=10^-5 求出[OH-]=2×10的（-11）次方 pH=3.3氢氧化铁完全沉淀。

所以要想完全沉淀Fe而不开始沉淀铜，pH要小于4，而大于3.3.

 https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/1701612126223759740.html

为什么粗品或精品kno3的试剂中要加入hno3酸化？

 

粗品或精品kno3的试剂中要加入hno3酸化后的原因：为了排除其他离子的干扰，比如在中性条件下银离子和硫酸根离子也会结合生成硫酸银白色沉淀，而这种沉淀溶于硝酸。

NaCl的溶解度受温度影响不大，而硝酸钾的溶解度受温度影响较大，应将样品溶解后，利用结晶、重结晶的方法分离，配制溶液定容需向容量瓶中加水，滴定中锥形瓶中有水不改变物质的量，所以容量瓶和中和滴定用的锥形瓶用蒸馏水洗净。

https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/1518673608583874820.html

钛金属的主要物理性能

 

excel冻结指定行和列

 

当表格内容有很多行时，如果表头不冻结的话看起来很不方便。

excel表格冻结窗口操作步骤：

1. 选定一个定位点，鼠标点击单元格。

    这个定位点就是您想上面固定和左边固定的位置。

    比如你想固定前两行和前两列，选定C3单元格。

2.打开视图菜单，点击冻结窗口选择下拉框的冻结拆分窗口的命令。

3.往下拉看1、2行冻结的效果，往右拉看A、B列两列冻结的效果。

https://blog.csdn.net/syryy/article/details/55095005

https://jingyan.baidu.com/article/a681b0de0a250c3b18434619.html

ie浏览器怎么禁用网页脚本

 1、进入Internet选项后点击“安全”选项进入安全选项卡，在安全选项卡中找到并点击“自定义级别”按钮。

2、弹出的“安全设置”窗口中找到“脚本”，在脚本目录下的“Java小程序脚本”和“活动脚本”两项选择禁用，然后点击“确定”按钮保存设置。

3、再次点击“确定”按钮关闭Internet选项窗口，这样我们就成功禁用了IE浏览器的网页脚本，这时我们使用IE浏览器打开的网页中的脚本就将全部被禁用了。

酸碱性影响氧化还原性

 

长图长PDF分割打印？

 用faststone capture软件，点最后一个设置图标，有转换图像到PDF文档，通过设置可以实现。

 

非紧密堆积晶体结构

 

1. 密堆积结构：分子间只有范德华力，不存在氢键。

若以一个分子为中心，其周围通常有12个紧邻的分子这种堆积特征称为分子密堆积，如C、干冰、I₂、O₂等。

图1表示的是CO₂晶体晶胞的结构。由图可知，CO₂晶体的晶胞是1个面心立方结构立方体的每个顶点上有1个CO₂分子6个面心还有6个CO₂分子，每个CO₂分子周围离该分子距离最近且相等的CO₂分子有12个(同层4个，上层4个，下层4个)，每个晶胞从CO₂晶体中分享到4个CO₂分子无数个这样的晶胞在空间“无隙并置”形成了CO₂晶体。

图1

2. 非密堆积结构：分子间除了范德华力外，还存在氢键。

氢键具有方向性使晶体中的空间利用率不高，留有相当大的空隙。这种晶体不具有分子密堆积特征，如HF、冰、NH₃等。

冰中水分子之间的相互作用除范德华力外还有氢键冰晶体主要是水分子依靠氢键作用而形成的。如图3-2-2所示，由于氢键具有一定的方向性每个水分子与周围4个水分子结合4个水分子也按照这样的规律再与其他的水分子结合。这样每个水分子中的每个氧原子周围都有4个氢原子氧原子与其中的2个氢原子通过共价键结合，因此它们之间的距离较近一些而与属于其他水分子的另外2个氢原子靠氢键结合在一起。在这种排列中分子的间距比大，有很多空隙，比较松散。因此，液态水变成固态水，即水凝固成冰、雪、霜时，密度变小。

     图2

http://m.hxzxs.cn/view.php?aid=17766

晶体结构-皮尔逊符号包括3个部分

 小写斜体字母表示晶体类别:
a:三斜
m:单斜
o:正交
t:四方
h:六方和菱形
c:立方

大写斜体字母表示点阵类别:
C:侧面心
F:面心
I:体心
R:菱形
P:简单

最后的数值表示晶胞内所含原子数.

通常, 皮尔逊符号后也跟空间群和原型化学式.

附件是一本国际纯化学与应用化学联合会出版的<无机化学命名法2005版>(俗称"红宝书"), 在里面p242页有介绍.

另外, 有的同志说在pcpdfwin里面看不到pearson符号, 这是不正确的. ICDD发布的PDF卡片大部分都是有Pearson符号的, 只是pcpdfwin不像DDViewer++, Jade中那样显式表达出来而已. pcpdfwin中的具体操作如下图.

附件：

IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005.pdf

https://bbs.instrument.com.cn/topic/3338505 

Vesta改变原点原子

 使用VESTA，点Edit->Edit data->Unit Cell->Transform。坐标原点换成体心的话，就把Origin shift p从 (0,0,0) 改成 (0.5,0.5,0.5)。设新基矢的话，就调下Rotation matrix P。

晶体的反轴

有机分子晶体结构测定 

作 者 ：郑启泰 

出版发行 : 四川省中药研究所 , 1984.03

 

Airgo cooking FAQs

 

Product FAQs

Compare to conventional oven or Air Fryer what are the advantages of the AirGO?

Unlike conventional oven or air fryer which utilizes a single heating method, the AirGO combines multiple heating techniques for fast, efficient, and even heating. It reduces cooking time and energy used, while produces superior cooking results. The top and bottom heating can be independently controlled to meet your unique cooking needs.

What are the dimensions of the AirGO?

The dimensions of the AirGO AP360 is 13 1/2″ W x 18″ D x 9″ H (34cm x 46 cm x 23 cm). When the lid is fully open, the height is 20″ (51cm). The package box is approximately 505 x 420 x 295 mm (20″ x 16.5 ” x 11.6″). The weight of the total package is about 8.3kg (18 lb).

What is AirGO’s capacity?

The cooking capacity is approximately US 4 qts or 4 L. This is usually large enough to cooking for 3-4 people. The cooking pan can actually hold more than 4 qts/4L of food, however, the cooking result may vary. You may experiment with it.

What is the power rating or wattage of AirGO?

AirGO AP360 is rated at 1500 watts with 120V 60Hz AC. It comes with a grounded 3-pin plug that fits North American standard (type B) wall outlet. The breaker or fuse for the circuit should be rated at least 15A.

How long is the power cord?

The power cord is approximately 3 feet (1 meter) long with a grounded 3-pin plug. Do not remove the ground pin to fit it into 2-slot sockets, as this may cause electrical shocks or fire.

What comes with AirGO AP360, any accessories?

Your AP360 package includes a your AirGO AP360 cooker, a ceramic-coated cooking pan, a non-stick air fryer basket with removable holders, a stirring paddle with the matching driving gear assembly for stir-fry function, a silicone spatula, and a crepe spreader. The printed material includes a user manual, a quick cooking guide, a quick start guide, and a reference card for common cooking unit conversions.

Do you have stainless steel cooking pans for the AirGO?

The cooking pan for the AirGO AP360 is made from aluminum alloy and coated with ceramic non-stick coating that is PTFE and PFOA free. Stainless steel is not as efficient in transferring heat compare to aluminum. Because this appliance may be used for cooking at high temperatures for grilling and oven, stainless steel is not chosen for this purpose.

 

How to use AirGO

My AirGO stopped beeping. How do I fix it? (How to adjust beeping volume on AirGO AP360-II?)

The new AP360-II model has a new feature to adjust the volume and yours may have been accidentally turned off. To adjust, press both minus “-” buttons. It will cycle through different volume settings to suit your needs.

Before using the air fryer basket, should I brush some vegetable oil on the bottom of basket?

That is probably a good idea to make flipping or removing the food much easier. Some air fryer recipes may even ask you to add one or two teaspoons of cooking oil to the food before placed in the air fryer.

My chicken wings/ribs are dripping oil from the air fryer basket. Can I line the cooking pan with aluminum foil to make cleaning easier?

That is an excellent idea. Aluminum foil or parchment paper is safe to be used as liners with AirGO AP360.

Can I start cooking right away without waiting for the preheating period?

With the 5 pre-set functions, preheating cycles are built in. If you wish to start cooking without preheating, the last 3 programs (top broil, base heat, and manual) do not include preheating. The time you set is the total cooking time from the room temperature.

How to extend cooking program once the program finished?

You may find your food needs a little more time after your set program is finished. You can simply press “Start” button again to continue cooking with the same temperature setting. Three minutes are added. If you’d like to have more or less than 3 minutes, please follow the above question to adjust it to your desired time.

Can I set and change cooking temperatures manually?

Your AirGO AP360 comes with 7 pre-set programs and 1 manual program. All 8 functions have default cooking temperature and time, but all of them can be adjusted to your own to suit your cooking needs. You can even adjust the cooking time and temperature after a cooking program is already started. See the answer below.

How can I change the cooking time during cooking?

If you have already started cooking and the timer is counting down, you can readjust the cooking time by performing the following: 1. Press the Pause button. The countdown timer stops. 2. Press the Time Plus or Minus buttons to adjust the remaining cooking time. 2b. you can also press the Temperature Plus or Minus buttons to change the cooking temperature. 3. Press the Start button to resume the cooking program.

 

Can I directly use the cooking pan on stove-tops?

No. The included cooking pan is designed to match the heating plate for maximum heat transfer. Any unintended use on stove-top or other heat sources may deform the cooking pan, thus cause the heating plate overheat.

Similarly, if the cooking pan is dropped, warped, or damaged, please do not use it. Contact us for replacement cooking pan.

 

After cooking, the pan is still hot. Can I put in cold water to make it cool down faster?

This is not recommended. Repeated sudden change in temperature can cause the ceramic coating to peel or the body of the cooking pan to warp. To have a long-lasting cooking pan and to have a better cooking experience, please allow the cooking pan to cool down.

Cooking FAQs

Do I need to use oven function or Air fry feature for Frozen French Fries?

The short answer is, you can use either function. In our experience, fries made using the Air Fryer function with the basket tends to be softer, while fries baked in the cooking pan with Mini Oven function are crispier. So it up to your taste and likes.

How to make crepe batter for AirGO? What should I be aware?

There are many crepe recipes you can find in cook books and cooking website online. Follow the instructions to mix flour and water along with other ingredients in a large bowl.

Why does my crepes stick to the cooking pan, and what can I do?

If you find your crepe sticking to the cooking pan, you can try one or more of the following: 1. lightly grease the pan each time before you spread the batter for the crepes; 2. mix some melted butter or cooking oil in your batter; 3. recondition your cooking pan; 4. if all of above fail, your cooking pan be have reached end of life for the non-stickiness. Contact us to purchase a replacement pan.

Can I cooking frozen foods in the AirGO without deforesting first?

Yes, you can. Please follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the best cooking results. AirGO is excellent in preparing meals from frozen.

Do I need to use oven function or Air fry feature for frozen french fries?

The short answer is, you can use either function. In our experience, fries made using the Air Fryer function with the basket tends to be softer, while fries baked in the cooking pan with Mini Oven function are crispier. So it up to your taste and likes

Why does my crepes stick to the cooking pan, and what can I do?

A: If you find your crepe sticking to the cooking pan, you can try one or more of the following:

1. lightly grease the pan each time before you spread the batter for the crepes;
2. mix some melted butter or cooking oil in your batter;
3. recondition your cooking pan (please refer to your user’s manual);
4. if all of above fail, your cooking pan be have reached end of life for the non-stickiness. Contact us to purchase a replacement pan.

All just for frozen foods?

AirGO allows you to cook more than just frozen foods. Crepes, pancakes, naans, dosa, seafood, meat, vegetables & fruits. Make a meal, from breakfast to dinner, with just a few touches!

Can I check my meals during the cooking process?

YES. During cooking, the lamp on the top lights up and illuminates the cooking chamber. You can see your food been cooked through the glass lid at all times without disturbing or lose heat inside the cooker. You may also open the lid to check. A Lid open warning is displayed, and the top heating element stops heating for your safety. The base heating element and the countdown timer continue as programmed.

Do I have to preheat AirGO?

You don’t have to wait for the unit to heat up. Even though most of the pre-set functions include a preheat cycle, three functions (top broil, base heat, and Manual) do not have preheat. You can cook immediately and the countdown timer starts right away. However, if you do put cooking ingredients in the cooking pan before the pre-heat is completed, the temperature of pan may not reach your programmed temperature, in which case the appliance will end the preheat after 5 minutes and enter the set cooking cycle.

Do I need oil for cooking in AirGO?

The AP360 comes with a non-stick, ceramic coated cooking pan. It can cook with minimal oil. You may coat your food with oil as desired for preferred flavor.

https://airgocooking.com/faqs/